Simulation of Continuous Thermal Sterilization (CTS) process is investigated for both laminar and turbulent flow regimes. Various heuristics are considered for reliable estimation of sterility (F-value) and quality (C-value) parameters. It is proved for laminar condition that using a mixer at the entrance of holding zone can drastically increase the sterility of food product while reducing its quality degradation. For turbulent flow regime, the effect of trajectories and thermal resistances of Solid Particles are investigated on the performance of the CTS process. It is clearly shown that the thermal resistances of relatively large Particles have crucial effect on computed values of both sterility and quality parameters.

Here we present a 2D planar Simulation of the collisions between liquid droplets and Solid Particles that are most often used in industrial applications. The collisions are modeled using a combination of Volume of Fluid and Level Set methods. We study the impact of the particle-to-droplet size ratio and the shape of Solid Particles on the collision behavior and interaction regimes. The findings are presented in the form of collision regime maps. The interaction regimes are also distinguished for binary droplet collisions: deposition, separation, and disintegration. We show the impact of density, viscosity, and surface tension on the droplet collision regime maps as well as on the number of secondary fragments. The practical value of the research comes from the newly established differences of collision regimes between droplets and Particles of different shapes and sizes.

Three-dimensional particulate flow has been simulated using Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). Solid-fluid interaction was modeled based on Smoothed Profile Method (SPM) (Jafari et. al, Lattice-Boltzmann method combined with smoothed-profile method for particulate suspensions, Phys. Rev. E, 2011). In this paper a GPU code based on three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann method and smoothed profile method has been prepared due to the ability of SPM-LBM to perform locally and in parallel mode. Results obtained for sedimentation of one and two spherical Particles as well as their behavior in shear flow showed excellent correspondence with previous published works. Computations for a large number of Particles sedimentation showed that combination of LBM and SPM on a GPU platform can be considered as an efficient and promising computational frame work in particulate flow Simulations.

Simulations that calculate the breakage of a given material allow for estimating the particle size produced by comminution equipment. However, conducting these Simulations requires a significant amount of time and incurs high computational costs due to the progressive increase in the number of Particles during the breakage events. This challenge has prompted the exploration of alternatives, such as employing impact energies present in Simulations with Solid Particles. This study examines the application of two breakage models to particle speeds, analyzing the correlation between the t10 value obtained from Simulations using Solid Particles and the value obtained when Simulations include breakage. The findings reveal a linear relationship between the results obtained from Simulations with breakage and those with Solid Particles for a rotor that primarily impacts Particles during their initial collisions. This relationship holds true for variations in rotor RPM as well as fluctuations in feed flow.

In this paper, the air flow field around buildings is simulated to predict the dispersion of the fine Solid pollutants. The large eddy Simulation approach has been used to model the turbulence flow. In the first part of this research, a simple model including a building has been simulated and the obtained results are compared and validated with the experimental data obtained from a wind tunnel test. By setting the optimal parameters of the numerical model in the first part, in the second part, an area of Tehran city with high-rise buildings and irregular urban layout is considered and the velocity field and deposition of the contaminant Particles in this model are also simulated. The result obtained in the first part of show good agreement with the experimental data and in both models the effect of some variables like the arrangement of buildings (in urban model) and the wind velocity are investigated. To analyze the value of the pollutant concentration in the urban area at each time, the integral of this variable on some important surfaces has been calculated over time and the effect of urban area layout on the integration is discussed.

In this research, using a mesh free particle method based on Lagrangian formulation called smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), sand behaviour on the transformation of sandy beaches was simulated. In this paper, weakly compressibility condition was used for SPH algorithm. This algorithm is based on the application of Tait equation of state rather than Poisson’ s equation for pressure calculation. In this research, sand behaviour was evaluated as a non-Newtonian fluid. In the validation process, flow under a gate, a dam break and sedimentation problem as a water-sediment two-phase flow were investigated. The results were validated with experimental data and numerical values and a good agreement was observed. The appearance of sandy beaches with given physical and rheological characteristics under the effect of a sinusoidal wave generator pedal was modeled under yield stress values of τ y = 200 Pa and τ y = 1000 Pa at different times. The shape of the simulated bed changed rapidly under the yield stress of τ y = 200 Pa, so that the form of the bed ripples reached a relative stability after 2-4 seconds.

The pulsed plasma Thruster has been the first thruster in the space mission. In the thrusters, based on discharging electrical capacitor and passing high current between the anode and cathode, fuel is isolated, then by using self-field magnetic and applying Lorentz force to the plasma Particles and with accelerating them the thrust force is generated. In the research a one dimensional Pulsed Plasma Thruster has been investigated. The applied numerical solution is based on Einfeldt, Harten, Lax, Van Leer, (HLLE) numerical method which has the adequate accuracy. In the Simulation Hall effects, ionization process, heat transfer, and viscosity have been neglected. Governing equation for a magnetic accelerator has been solved. The represented solution results include distribution of density, velocity, pressure, and magnetic field during the magnetic accelerator which compared with similar numerical results was satisfactory. A Pulse Plasma Thruster has been numerically analyzed. The results related to density, pressure, magnetic field, and velocity curves have been compared with the desire physical behavior, which were satisfactory. Also graph of distribution of Teflon temperature after reaching to the ablation temperature, by applying heat energy from plasma area, has adequate compatibility with reference.

Controlling the path of drugs movement is one of the processes that can effectively aid in treating a variety of diseases. For example, in chemotherapy, a small fraction of a drug is delivered to cancer cells and other amounts can cause destruction of healthy tissues of body, as a result, before destruction of tumors, the body might be destroyed. Hence tumors cannot be removed from the body completely. If it is possible to control the path of drugs, tumors could be removed with the least injury. One of the ways through which movement of the drugs could be controlled is Magnetic Drug Targeting (MDT). In this project, movement of magnetic Particles and their interactions would be inspected in the blood with consideration of a constant magnetic field gradient. After introduction of governing equations and presenting a good model for the forces between Particles, these processes are be simulated in the Fluent software. The model that is used is a vein with 8 mm diameter. The Simulation was done from the time of injection over an 8 cm length of the vein. The base fluid is blood which is considered as a non-Newtonian fluid. Distribution of magnetic Particles in the base fluid has been governed by multiphase approach. Simulation results show that residence time of the drug in the presence of magnetic field increases, which in turn increases the possibility of drug absorption.